Mike, you are absolutely right. That wall charger I mentioned can source up to 2.4A per port for a total of 8A simultaneously across all 5 ports, but your phone/tablet will draw only as much as it required at max charging speed. So connecting S4 or N2 will draw 2A, while connecting Nexus 7 (2012) will draw only 1A and Nexus 7 (2013) will draw 1.5A, or the latest iPad will draw 2.4A. It's the same with most of the wall or car chargers. Their max rating means how much they car source from a port, while your device will draw current at it's own max speed.
With your computer usb port, they gotta be playing with conversion numbers. If you know you can provide 5V @ 0.5A, that's 2.5W (P=V*I). By Ohm's law, V=R*I, so P=R*I^2. I have no idea what regulators and converters they use, but those are the only variables you can play with. If you increase I, you will have to decrease R in order to maintain 5V output and the same power out of the port. That's why I mentioned they could have low impedance path (low resistance) to increase the current. Of course, you can also use transistor circuit as current amplifier.
Again, all this is a theory and a basic EE101
I have no idea what they are doing inside. Maybe they need to use 2 usb ports to combine current, who knows. Or maybe they use a simple transistor circuit to amplify the current? I just would be very careful with such claims.