Figured it out. I eventually realized I had to create Java objects corresponding to each checkbox and editText thing.
Maybe this code will help someone else:
public void onClickSubmitEventButton(View view){
//Intent intentToSubmitNew = new Intent(this, NewEventActivity.class); -- need to change "NewEventActivity.class"
//startActivity(intentToLogNew);
final CheckBox checkboxCause = (CheckBox) findViewById(R.id.checkBoxCause);
final CheckBox checkboxEffect = (CheckBox) findViewById(R.id.checkBoxEffect);
final CheckBox checkboxRhythm = (CheckBox) findViewById(R.id.checkBoxRhythm);
String eventName = "";
boolean cause = false;
boolean effect = false;
boolean rhythm = false;
if (checkboxCause.isChecked()){
cause = true;
}
if (checkboxEffect.isChecked()){
effect = true;
}
if (checkboxRhythm.isChecked()){
cause = true;
}
eventName = ((EditText) findViewById(R.id.editText1)).getText().toString();
//Event ___somename__ = new Event(eventName, cause, effect, rhythm);
//replace "somename" with a generated string that will also be loaded into an array containing
// all the event names that have been created so far