Help Is there any way to track a phone if location services have been disabled?

[telstrareg]

It is possible to track a phone using GPS, Wi-Fi, or the cellular network. The last two methods use their respective networks to interpolate the position of the phone.

Regardless of which method is used, none of them work if a user switches off location services.

So my questions are; a) is there any app that can track a phone when location services are switched off; b) is there any way of preventing location services from being switched off; c) can location services be made to appear off when in fact on?

I only need this to work on an older version of android (4.04). The phone is NOT rooted.

 

[Hadron]

a) No. The carrier could tell approximately where the phone is by which cells it's connected to (doesn't have to be a smartphone for that), but they aren't going to share that with you (might with the police).

b) There are apps which can be used to password-lock other apps. Whether that would stop someone installing a different location toggle and getting round it I'm not sure.

c) Without rooting, probably not.

However, there are some security apps which can turn location services on remotely, e.g. in response to a specially-formatted text (which can be kept from showing up in the text messaging app) or an instruction from the app maker's server. I know that Avast! can do this type of thing, and expect that at least some others can.