So you moved apps to SD then removed the card. Yes, that will break the apps, but the thing you need to know is that only part of the app is moved to the card, so you've got partially-installed (and therefore non-functional) apps on the phone.
Have you tried putting the old card back in the phone and moving the apps to the phone? If you can do that and everything will actually fit on the phone then you can swap cards and them move apps to the new card if you want. Even if you can't fit everything on the phone, I'd try this and see what you can fit. If that works you can uninstall the apps you can't move and then reinstall them once you'[ve swapped cards.
If that doesn't work (i.e. the apps remain broken even when you put the old card in) you could try uninstalling any broken apps and then reinstalling them (with the new card in the phone). A pain, but then so is restoring everything after a reset. (and if you reset, do make sure you have everything important backed up first). But if putting the old card back in doesn't work then those are your options: try to uninstall the broken apps or reset the lot. The phone doesn't know that you've changed cards, it only knows that it can't find parts of the apps that were moved to the card (i.e. there are broken pointers inside the part of the storage where the app should live). So provided this messed-up state doesn't prevent it uninstalling them, uninstalling the affected apps is the way of telling the phone to forget them without resetting everything.
Incidentally I am assuming that you moved apps with the old pre-android-6 "move to SD" option, and not by formatting the old card as internal storage. If you did the latter than it's possible that it moved more stuff, and I'd really recommend putting the old card back in your phone, moving what you can to the phone storage, and backing up everything you can. I've no experience with formatting cards as internal storage, but everything I read from people who've done it tells me it's less straightforward than it sounds.
