For scientific functions on the S5 stock calculator app. make sure your screen is set to rotate and turn your phone to the side.
When you view the calculator in landscape orientation the keyboard will resize and all the scientific functions will appear.
Is that what you're looking for?
Yeh, turn it sideways, i.e. landscape that does reveal the more advanced math functions, things like sin, cos, tan, log, etc.
However there's no way that I can see to do the inverse trig functions. And the stock Android calculator app has always been like that AFAIK, it's same on other phones and tablets, not just Samsung. Usually on a
real scientific calculator there's a shift key, often marked as "F" or "2nd", like a calculator that's suitable for high school or college level math.
This is the app I was referring to, RealCalc. And it's the yellow SHIFT that does it, and gives sin-1, cos-1, tan-1, i.e. the inverse trig functions. Same with inverse log functions
It came to my attention a few months ago, because I've just started teaching some maths as well as English.