Hi and welcome to Android Forums!
One way I can think of is to merge the entire Android folder on your phone into the Android folder on the tablet via a computer and USB cables. Not everything will work, but
maybe a lot will. Many system apps will not work.
If your phone and tablet are rooted, Titanium Backup can backup apps + data. Then you can TRY to copy the Titanium Backup folder to the tablet the same way, open the app and restore apps + data.
I have personally never done either of these, as I have never had a need to. So it may not work 100%. It may not even work 1%. But those are the only things I can think of.
If someone with more experience can chime in, that would be great: but it's worth a try. You may want to make a copy of the Android folder FIRST and name it AndroidOld... in CASE something goes wrong, you can delete what you did, rename the folder Android and be back in business.
Good luck and it's great to have you here!