I'll assume you're using Windows, but it would be useful to know if you're using another OS for development. In my own work I use Linux in a VM, in part because there are fewer issues with USB connections to devices, and until recently compilation was faster because Windows required Cygwin - plus I know Linux fairly well.
The one step I don't see you stating is that you started an AVD. Did you?
Eclipse (and Visual Studio if you managed to get it configured - I couldn't, at least to my satisfaction) will not start an AVD for you. Your narrative suggests you expected that simply commanding the IDE to initiate a debug session would started an emulator, but it won't. The SDK expects either a device or an emulator is running before you initiate execution of a debug (or release) product.