yes and no. it depends on what you mean by access.
If you mean can a PC access the files and copy them off? then "yes"
if you mean, operate the phone with Side Sync or Kies 3.0 to image it, "no"
There is some security involved though, the PC cannot copy any of the data files unless the phone is rooted.
To check my answer on this, I just now plugged in the USB cable, waited for the screen to light up, and then locked the screen.
The PC file manager does have access to all of the "openly available files". Ringtones, pictures, mp3, etc... and more, but no data.
do as I do, install a Neckstrap onto the case for your phone, and keep that around your neck if you are not home. My phone is always in my shirt pocket and the strap around my neck when I leave home.