I have a GS5 with the same exact problem as OP.
I've been using Android devices since 2009 and have never had this issue until moving to AT&T. After troubleshooting with a friend it appears that it is a network issue between AT&T and cross network devices.
Of the two pictures sent separately, one came up with the exact same issue described. Both pictures were taken on a Verizon iPhone 4s running iOS 8. Both pictures were taken with 1x zoom, no altering or editing, rear facing cameras, and had the same file sizes. In fact, the one that didn't work was a smaller file size.
The failed image was even sent twice. I tried switching to google hangouts to view the second image, and even handscent. After changing apps I was still unable to view the image.
Here's the kicker: after CROPPING the failed image and resending it, I was able to receive the picture just fine.
I'm literally baffled at what variables are causing these sporadic images to occur. These steps prove that the issue is NOT:
-Camera used on the sending device
-File size
-Messaging App
-Editing the original image (altering it created it to WORK, not initially FAIL)
I'm going to create a service ticket with AT&T and reference this article since I've read elsewhere that it is a problem with their network.
Nice!!.....Hope your service ticket can get AT&T to recognize the problem and come up with a resolution