Not that I know of. It's rare that it happens at all, but things like this depend so much on the specific update and the specific phone model that you can't really produce a general checklist.
Logically it's most likely to happen if there's an aspect of the settings where there have been a lot of changes (i.e. the old setting you chose may not apply, or might have to be applied in a different way), but it may be hard to spot what those are (especially if the changes are "under the hood"). In practice I can't think of anything better than to think of the things you care most about and check they look the way you wanted them.