Hi parmenides and welcome to AF!
Unfortunately Outlook and Android don't sync directly, you can download your Outlook contacts but you can't sync new contacts back to Outlook without a third party app. Not sure who's camp the blame falls but it is an unfortunate fact.
That said, I learned very quickly to deal with it, your contacts will sync with GMail, from there you can export your contacts to your computer as a comma separated file and import into Outlook.