CafeKampuchia
Android Expert
This is a hard question to answer definitively. Android isn't where it is because of one phone (unlike Apple) but because of several important phones.
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No votes for the early LG Optimus line? (P500 s, u, v ect). It brought cheap androids to prepaid carriers and the less fortune masses
I'm probably also biased but I do believe in the UK (and probably the rest of Europe) it was the Desire. We didn't get the Evo 4G or the Droid so it's hard to compare.
The GS3 has had the biggest global impact by far but I'd say momentum had already turned in favour of Android by the time it was released and it was just a matter of which manufacture could best capitalise on it.
I thought the rest of the world got the Milestone which was essentially the Droid but introduced the world to encrypted bootloaders.

No question: it was the Desire (slightly biased as I had one): that was the first 'hit' Android phone. Nothing before it really sold well - no even the original Nexus that it was based on.
The Desire looked good, was reasonably high quality, had a decent spec (for the time, though it was beaten very, very soon afterward) and the O/S was mature enough to start to really compete with iOS. It was also the first 'droid to win phone of the year in lots of publications.
Compared to what came (very soon) after it, the Desire was a bit pants (500MB of RAM was never going to be enough), but it was the Desire that kick started the market and after it, Android went from strength to strength.
The Desire was the Stalingrad of the war with Apple![]()