If you have all data turned off, then using an app that uses the GPS receiver chip in the phone won't just turn it on. But to use navigation in Google Maps (which uses the GPS receiver), it at least needs enough data to get it started. So if you're in wifi and set up your navigation, and then don't detour too much, it should have all the needed info cached.
Now there are some navigation apps that download all the data to the phone storage. I don't know much about them, though, so you'll have to ask other if you're interested.