Hard to imagine that something would start running and subsequently eat/use resources simply from enabling Developer Options or USB Debugging. I've done that countless times on my devices and have never seen any aberrant behavior.
As far as I know, you're really just turning on switches and the ability to do other things, not actually doing anything that launches anything...
That being said, I'm not sure that the adb daemon itself is already running before USB debugging is enabled. I could test that tonight when I get home (LOL, you can't monitor the device directly with a logcat because you'd be turning it (USB debugging) off, so I'd have to write a script).