Listen, USB is fairly straightforward. There are 4 wires. Power, Ground, D+, D-.
D+ and D- are used for data, so are outside the scope of this thread because power adapters don't pay attention to them, they just worry about the power/ground ones.
Notice that the cable that comes with your incredible is a normal USB to -> micro USB cable. The USB side can plug in to ANY USB port that conforms to the USB spec and if there is no data communication, the phone will just try to charge from that port.
5V is the magic number for the phone / most USB. The power adapter brick puts out 5V, as do all PCs and all standard car adapters that end with a USB connector.
The difference that seems to be scaring people is the mA number. Like mentioned above, that is the maximum amount of juice you can suck out of the cable using that adapter. It is not how much is PUSHED out. If you plug in the adapter to the wall but not to the phone, you are NOT charging air at 5V@1000mA.
The phone itself has circuitry that helps prolong the life of the battery by trying to pull in as much power as possible during the first phase of the battery charging, then when it gets close to full it goes to a much slower charge. The brains here are in the phone, not the charger.
Think of laptops. If you are doing nothing much, the adapter brick may be warm. If you are encoding 10 videos at the same time, the adapter brick might burn off your fingers. The adapter will provide as much current as it is rated to when the device tries to take it, not all the time.
I understand you had a bad experience with that adapter/particular phone combo, but the VAST majority of the people replying to this thread have had no problems (nor do I with my cheopo amazon car charger), and everyone who understands what the adapter is actually doing seems to be on the same page.
As long as the power adapter you are using says 5V, I have a hard time believing it can hurt your battery.