Is your objective to disable only the location data obtained from the GPS satellites? Or are you wanting to disable all location services on your phone?
On modern Android versions, there's not really a way to disable just the GPS data source. The system uses a fused location service which combines location data from all available sources and provides that data to apps when they ask for it.
On a Pixel phone, you can go to Settings > Location and disable the Use Location toggle. That will prevent any apps from obtaining information about your location (based on GPS, nearby Wi-Fi networks, cellular triangulation, and any other potential sources of location data).
Navigating to Settings > Location > App location permissions allows you to review which apps have access to your location data, and drilling down into each app will let you toggle the Use precise location option on/off. With it disabled, the system itself will still have access to precise location data courtesy of GPS, but the app will only be provided with coarse/approximate location data (like what could be expected from cellular triangulation).
Of course, different phones from different manufacturers may have different options.
And I hope it goes without saying that none of these steps would prevent a cellular service provider from triangulating your device's location based on the towers it's connected to and the relative signal strength of each. There's nothing you can do to prevent that from happening.
