USB Mass Storage died off with Android 4.3 Jelly Bean (4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich for some Samsung phones such as the Galaxy SIII) and 6.0 Marshmallow on AOSP-based flip phones.
My ZTE Cymbal LTE running AOSP 5.1.1 Lollipop (base Android, no Google apps, no app store, no package installer) is the most modern phone that supports Mass Storage (although it doesn't need me to tap to enable but that's because it doesn't have a touch screen).
USB Mass Storage made the phone show up as a USB flash drive in any OS, Linux, Windows, etc. MTP is a half baked attempt to do the same but requires drivers and doesn't "like" Linux at all. Windows for me tends to do nothing or make it show up like it's a digital camera and only allows me to copy pictures and sometimes documents. Can't send music to it when connected to a PC. MTP sorta works on other OSs like Linux (if you're lucky with the distro lottery) but the results are extremely slow, likely to freeze sending any large files over. It's about like beaming them via Bluetooth but less stable.
As stated, ten times worse. I will never get why. Nothing I found online makes sense (such as all the excuses being about not being able to use the phone when connected via Mass Storage but why would you want to? You're not going to be connected for very long so ???)
Connecting an older phone or tablet that supports USB Mass Storage would make a screen like this appear:
I miss when Android was meant for geeks and demanded you to mess with it. Features like this were wonderful while they lasted. Today it's like Google is trying too hard to be Apple and make Android look and act more like iOS. Diminishing returns ever since.