If a component has broken there are basically 2 possibilities: the GPS antenna (or the connection to it) or the entire motherboard. The actual GPS (& Galileo, GLONASS, etc) hardware is in the SoC (system on a chip), not a separate component, so the antenna is the only thing you could fix without replacing the whole motherboard.
To be honest, damage to the SoC, or to the motherboard in a way that only affects GPS, feels unlikely to me. I'd have thought either a disconnected antenna or a firmware fault would be more likely. When you reinstalled the latest update was that a full firmware flash or just a small patch? I'd suggest trying a full firmware flash to be sure. You should also certainly try a factory reset before you consider replacing the motherboard (all your data are gone if you replace the motherboard so there is no downside to trying a reset first).
And apologies for suggesting this, but just to rule out the stupid possibilities: you aren't using it in some "EM radiation protection" phone case? People do actually sell such things, and any case that actually blocked radio waves (i.e. wasn't simply an ordinary case being sold to the gullible) would interfere with GPS reception.